Two scenarios…
1
You get dispatched to a frail, elderly female who has passed out in her home. She lives alone so you have limited info.
When you arrive, she has snoring respirations, which quickly resolves with an adjustment of her head position. She has a very weak pulse at 120. EKG shows sinus tachycardia. BP 58/20. You notice dry skin signs and mucous membranes. You establish IV access, start fluids, check a glucose, load her up, start towards the hospital, and after 1 liter of fluids she starts to come around and you learn that she has had a week of frequent diarrhea. Once in the hospital, she is treated for dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, and eventually is discharged home.
2
A gardener notices his client, a frail elderly woman, lying unconscious on the floor of her livingroom and calls 911.
When he speaks with the dispatcher, he describes snoring respirations and is unsure if he can feel a pulse. Chest compressions are recommended by dispatch.
When you arrive, bystander CPR is in progress. You assess the patient, find snoring respirations, which resolve with head positioning, although breathing seems shallow and erratic. Oral airway inserted. Eventually the pt is intubated. A weak pulse of 120 is felt, EKG shows sinus tachycardia with an occasional PVC and a BP of 58/20. You notice dry mucous membranes and poor skin signs. IV is started, fluids administered, blood sugar checked, patient is transported to the ER, later admitted to the ICU, is found to be hypovolemic, have electrolyte imbalance, have rib fractures, as well as pulmonary/cardiac contusions (most likely from aggressive chest compressions), the patient eventually develops pneumonia and dies 10 days later.
My point is this… CPR on frail and/or medically compromised individuals is not benign.
I believe there are three main types of patients receiving CPR.
Those at end of life where CPR will not help.
Those suffering a sudden cardiac event where rapid recognition and Interventions, including CPR will be the difference between life and death.
Those with conditions where CPR is not needed, and potentially harmful… but lay people cannot differentiate between this group, and group #2… so CPR instructions are always given.
A frail elderly person in good health who undergoes traumatic chest trauma has a higher morbidity than a younger person experiencing the same type of event.
Now add to the equation that the frail elderly person is actually having a medical problem and you add chest trauma (in the form of CPR) on top of that.
Don’t get me wrong… I am not entirely sure what the solution is to this problem. If you are slower to recommend CPR, you miss more of the survivable cardiac events. If you are quick to recommend CPR, you risk pushing frail/medically compromised individuals over the edge by adding thoracic trauma to their list of acute problems.
I wonder if there have been any studies on the effects of CPR on frail/medically compromised patients who didn’t need it 🤨?